Romantic Composers

Study guide for the final this week.  Here are the Romantic Composers.  You can find the Baroque and Classical composers here.

Music in the ‘romantic’ period stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism.  This period coincided with the Industrial Revolution.

Franz Peter Schubert

Born not far from Vienna

By 6 he could play the piano, violin, and viola.

He wrote many symphonies, including the “Unfinished symphony,” called that because it only had 2 movements instead of the usual 4.

Best known for his lieders, or songs…he was called the “Father of the Lied.”  He wrote over 600 of these German songs.

He died when he was only 31 years old.

He was buried next to Beethoven.

His music was not fully appreciated during his life, but today we recognize that few can match his gift for melody.

Here is a section of his Unfinished Symphony.

Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn

Felix and Fanny were born in Hamburg Germany.

Some of his music was inspired by the great poet, Goethe.

He wrote a famous overture to Shakespeare’s, A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

He also wrote music after visiting Fingal’s Cave in Scotland.

Felix founded the Leipzig Conservatory, one of the most famous music schools in the world.

When he heard of his sister, Fanny’s, death (they had remained quite close) he became ill and never recovered.  He died 6 months later.

You should be able to recognize this piece that Mendelssohn wrote for the wedding scene in A Midsummer’s Nights Dream.

Robert and Clara Schuman

Husband and wife…both of them composed and performed.

Robert Schuman wrote reviews of the other Romantic composer, explaining their new and shocking works to the public.

Robert had a weak finger and after trying out a device to hold it straight, he succeeded only in crippling his hand.

This disability pushed him to be a composer rather than a performer.

Robert took piano lessons from Clara’s father and the two fell in love, married and had 7-8 children (reports vary)

Robert Schuman eventually became mentally il,l and had to be admitted to an institution.  After his death, Clara continued to play his music.

This is a piece from one of his earlier works.

Frederic Chopin

Chopin is considered Poland’s greatest composer, although his father was French, and he spent more than half of his life in France.

When he left Poland he took a goblet of Polish soil with him, and after his death his heart was sent back to Warsaw.

He was pale, passionate, and handsome.  His life full of emotional storms.

His friends in Paris included the composers Franz Liszt and Felix Mendelssohn, the poets Victor Hugo and Balzac, as well as the French painter, Delacroix.

Through Liszt he was introduced to George Sand, a controversial woman writer, who became his lover.

He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and was very ill and frail for much of his life.

He devoted much of his life and music in raising money for Poland.

When he died, his own composition, Funeral march, was played and the Polish earth he had carried with him, was spread over his grave.

Here you can listen to his piece, Funeral Music.

Franz Liszt:  The Piano Terminator

Franz Liszt was born in Hungary and at the age of 11 moved to Vienna, where he met Schubert and Beethoven.

He became of the greatest pianist of all time.

He could go through as many as 2 or 3 pianos in a concert.

He was as popular as a modern day rock star.

He would occasionally play in piano challenges…or play offs.  One stunt involved having an orchestra play a movement of a symphony…then he would play it on the piano, demonstrating that he could include all the variation of the orchestra and even be more exciting, all while on one instrument.

Here is Liszt’ Hungarian Rhapsody #2.  It is over 9 minutes long, and it is at 6:40 that the song will sound familiar to students as that is the section we played often in class, but listen to the whole piece.  It is beautiful.

Music Appreciation: Study Guide Baroque and Classical Periods

This is intended to be a study guide for those taking Music Appreciation this year.  You will find the musical periods along with the composers we have studied, a few facts to jog your memories, and one piece that you should be able to recognize.  Your handouts from class have detailed biographies that you can review.

Baroque composers (1600-1750)

Antonio Vivaldi

From Italy

The ‘Red Priest’

Taught at a school for girls in Venice

Known for his Concertos…which established the three part pattern of fast, slow, fast

Piece to know… Spring, part of the Four Seasons.

Essay Writing class update.

My Essay writing class has been working on writing explications. For the first few assignments students were free to choose which pieces their would explicate.  This week they were to work on either Psalm 1, or a poem called ‘Peace Wall’.  If you are choosing to use Peace Wall you will probably need to google and get some basics about the conflict in Northern Ireland as that provides the background for the poem.  Apologies, due to illness this wasn’t up earlier in the week.

Peace Wall  by Tim Bagdanov

Hail Mary - where a passing bus

swirls gutter leaves to air;

and where shards of brick and glass

are spread over gravel like un-

answered prayers.  Here,

one avoids windows by night

and herds kids to bed

through bleating sirens.

Full of Grace - over there

is a park where no children

play, spine of cement

and barbed wire down the center.

Here, rosary beads are never

innocuous; they scream and wriggle

out prayers of their own.  Here,

it is never known when Peace

will be shattered with a yell

and the yellow stare

of a tiger.

Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson

The following links are for my goverment students.  We will be having an impeachment trial re-enactment.   Each of you need to read the main article here, it is not short so give yourself time.  If you look on the sidebar of the site you will see that you can read the opinions of several of the senators and why they voted the way they did.  There are also political cartoons which give a unique assessment of the events so be sure to check them out.

I will be posting more information about the issues that you need to have a handle on.

Study list for the Middle Ages

For my students.  Tomorrow we will be doing an assessment of how much you have been taking in recently.  Below are the topics that you will be expected to know something about.  You’ll have the topic, you will write what you remember about it.  (Yes Zach, you must write it out.)  I’m including some links to stories we have read in class and some post on the website.  Reminder, if you are still in elementary school basic definitions and understanding is great.  Jr. High…you should have some more details.  High School…besides a basic understanding you should be able to state why these things are significant historically, if you can show how they affected history that would be good. If you have been listening in class and reading your book this will be a snap.  If not…..

This website will have brief bios of some of the people to refresh your memory.  Just click on the name you want on the bottom of the page.

Justinian

Attila the Hun

Mohammad

Coat of Arms

Cathedrals – include construction, their importance, what makes something a cathedral.  Include the ideas of sacred relics and pilgrims.

Castles – under this category include description of seige warfare, how castles were designed and defended, weapons of the era.

Constantinople and the Hagai Sophia  Include the some of the history of the city, it’s importance in the development of the Eastern church, what became of it.

Monks, monastaries, illuminated manuscripts and the role they played in preserving knowledge.

Explain the Feudal system, the role of knights, and the Code of Chivalry

The Crusades

Islam, the five pillars, Saldin

Mongols – Ghengis Khan

The Diaspora – The clever Jew

William the Conqueror

Alfred the Great

King John and the Magna Carta

Book Fair

Grace Prep will be hosting a Book Faire on March 26th.

Details are still being nailed down, but I wanted to give parents a heads up.  We will be doing some projects for the Faire during Friday classes.  Students will be writing up some reviews, making posters about favorite authors, and taking surveys of friends and family on their reading habits.

In two of our Friday classes we are focusing on writing skills.  We all know that one of the best ways to become a good writer is to….READ!!!  So, for the next two months we will be focusing on developing a love of reading amongst our students.  Students will be encouraged to read a wide range of materials, including but not limited to: biographies, autobiographies, collections of short stories, poetry,  non-fiction works, how-to books, newspapers, magazines, and of course, novels.  I’ll be asking students to keep a reading log and their homework assignments for writing will involve interacting with what they have been reading.

I’ll continue to post details, and our progress right here.  To kick things off I’ll be posting several student written book reviews over the next two weeks.  Two are already in and just need a little proofreading and then I’ll put them up.  In the mean time…get reading.

Learning in the Garden Part 1

So many fun things you can learn in the garden. I’m in the digging stage of putting in a vegetable garden and it made me remember some of our past gardening experiences, when the boys were young. No matter what the age of your kids, or the subject you’re teaching, keeping a garden can be a great tool for your school. Here are a few of the things we have done in our garden, along with a few I’m trying this year. Most of the following can be used whether you just have a patio with pots, or an acre of land. I’m starting with some activities for the preschool, early kindergarten stage…but that is not to say that your older kids wouldn’t have fun with these.

If your children are in preschool and early elementary school everything in the garden is a fascinating lesson. Watching the miracle of seeds developing into plants, flowers, and vegetables never gets old. A favorite activity for the young is to take a few bean seeds, soak them for an hour or two to get them started, then take a clear glass and fill it with damp paper towels. Place a few seeds around the edges of the glass so that they can be viewed from the outside but are still in contact with the damp paper towels. Don’t allow the paper towels to dry out. I had my boys draw pictures each day (or twice a day if there is a lot happening) of the changes in the seed. They may want to carefully measure the seed to see if it swells before the root breaks forth. As they watch they will see the root emerge, the original stem, and the first leaves unfurl. . Although the glass allows us to view what would normally be going on under the soil, there is a lot going on inside of the seed as well. I’d suggest getting a few books on seeds from the library before you start.

Another fun activity for the younger set is to get a fast growing seed like radishes, have the kids write their names in the dirt with their fingers, then sprinkle in the seeds. In a few weeks time they will have their name in the garden. Take a picture and enjoy a salad.

One year (so sad I can’t find the pictures) we planted a square of tall sunflowers with one opening, then, once the plants were about 4 inches tall, we planted morning glories around their base. As the sunflowers grew the morning glories climbed the stalks. With some careful twining and few well placed strings we were able to train the morning glories to make a roof and we had a gorgeous flower clubhouse. When the clubhouse ‘bloomed’ it was truly extraordinary. Adding to the fun were the butterflies and birds that came to hang out in our clubhouse.

It seems young children can’t get enough of little hiding places, so if the sunflower house seems a bit extravagant another option is a bean tepee. All you need to do is make a tepee out of some long sticks or PVC pipe you might have around the house. (Pieces long enough to make a tepee a child could climb into.) Then run and tie string around most of the pieces leaving an opening. Plant 2-3 bean seeds (makes sure they are a climbing variety and not a bush.) at the base of each stick. As the plants begin to climb and send out tendrils help your children to observe closely. The tendrils will always wind the same direction and many of the tendrils in between plants will make themselves into curlicues. This is to protect the plant during growth and in the wind because the tendrils now have some give and won’t become taut and snap. As the beans mature they will hang down into the tepee and children can harvest them while they play. My boys liked to take a book into their tepee and ‘read’.

Science and botany aren’t all that can be going on in your garden. How about keeping a gardening journal with careful observations, poems, and illustrations. This can be a spring writing project, the possibilities of what to include are endless. With a little intentional thought on the part of mom this could be your Language Arts time and what child would object to a lesson outside sitting in the garden drawing and writing about the plants they’ve grown. They can keep track of the insects and wildlife that visit their garden. They can group those animals into beneficial and harmful categories. A journal can be both practical observations and a time to be creative with stories, poems, songs, and illustrations that the garden inspires.

Reading time is easy to incorporate into the garden. You may choose to check out books on plants and gardening, or maybe instead read some great literature. How about a cozy chair in the garden where you can read about Pooh’s adventures in the Hundred Acre Woods. Most little girls would love to sit in their sunflower house and read or be read to ‘The Secret Garden’. For the reluctant reader just moving your reading instruction outdoors can be inspiring.

Even math is more exciting when we are in a new place. I’m sure you can come up with garden ideas for addition and subtraction. Older children may want to figure the percentage of seeds that sprouted. Most seeds need to be thinned to a certain number of inches apart (don’t worry directions are on the seed packet) so it’s a great time to get familiar with using a ruler.

In ‘Learning in the Garden Part 2″ we’ll look at ideas for older students and how to incorporate history into your garden.

So get outside, get your hands dirty and play in the mud. Oh mud, maybe you could make some relief maps….. I’ll stop now.

Etruscan Art

Okay, all of my art students, we have finished Greece and are moving on to Rome, which will coincide nicely with our ancient history study.

The country of Italy is a boot shaped peninsula that juts out into the Mediterranean Sea. Surrounded on three sides by water and on the North by the Alps this peninsula would set the world on fire. We begin our study at about 500 BC and there are several people groups living in Italy in city states similar to those in Greece. Twelve of these city-states, populated by a people group called the Etruscan’s, organized themselves into a loose federation and during the sixth century BC were at the height of their power. The Etruscans controlled the northern and central area of Italy which would become modern day Tuscany.

Through their trading the Etruscans were in contact with the people of Greece and Phonecia. Through this contact they were exposed to ideas, art and culture that expanded their own. This exposure would be reflected in what the Etruscans created, but always with their own unique stamp. They did not merely copy what they observed in these other cultures but they learned, adapted, and made it their own.

The Etruscans laid out their cities on a grid, much like the cities of Greece and Egypt, but with slight variations. They had two main streets, one running north and south, the other east and west dividing the city into quarters. Where the two streets intersected the Etruscans built the towns business center. Their homes were built around a central courtyard or atrium which was open to the sky. This allowed a shallow pool to collect rainwater to be used in the house. Walls were built around the city with large gates.

Porta Augusta, Perugia Italy. Gate built during 2nd Century BC

The gates of Porta Augusta in Perugla Italy are one of the few examples of Etruscan monumental architecture that survives to taday. Although the arch was used in Greece and other ancient civilizations, it would be the Romans who would make widespread use of this architectural element. Unlike the Corbel arch studied earlier, this arch is made with precisely cut wedge shaped pieces. A decorative element is seen above the arch, resembling the entablature of Greek structures.

The Etruscans and Romans, from early on, incorporated Greek gods and goddesses into their belief systems. Most Etruscan art has been destroyed over time, or by the Romans. What has survived is largely funeral art which can give a skewed impression of a civilization. What survives of Etruscan temples are just the remains of the foundations, we do have a few descriptions, however, to add to our knowledge.

Etruscan Temple - Roman Art

This is a reconstruction of what an Etruscan Temple would look like. It sat on a podium and had a single set of steps leading up to the front porch. The plan was almost square and the interior was often divided up into three spaces. It is believed these would have housed cult statues.

Etruscan temples were made with mud-brick walls. The columns and entablatures were made of wood and sometimes a volcanic rock. The columns and capitals were generally of the Doric or Ionic orders. There was sometimes a frieze above the columns, but often the temple was decorated with dazzling painting rather than the friezes of Greek temples. There were additional terra cotta sculptures placed around the temple and the roof served as the base for large statue groups.

Creating sculptures out of terra-cotta required a great deal of skill and posed significant technical problems. The artist had to know how to construct the figure so that it wouldn’t collapse either from it’s own weight or while going through the firing process. The temperature in the large kiln had to be precisely regulated to avoid damaging the works.

Apollo, from Veii. c.500 BC. Painted terra-cotta

This sculpture of Apollo was originally part of a four person grouping. Apollo and Hercules were fighting over possession of a deer that was Diana’s. Diana and Mercury were looking on as the two fought. Here Apollo is seen striding forward over a decorative element, this element provided needed stability for the figure.

For those of you familiar with Greek statues you will immediately recognize the Archaic smile. It is evident that the Etruscans were familiar with the Kouroi of Ancient Greece. However, they didn’t copy the Kouroi, they made it their own. The obvious difference is that our Apollo is clothed, where the Koisos were always nudes. We also see that this Apollo is in full motion, where the Greek statues merely hinted at movement. This energy and purposeful movement is characteristic of Etruscan sculpture.

Much of what has survived of Etruscan art is from their tombs. While they practiced

Etruscan cemetery of La Banditaccia

cremation it appears they also thought of their tombs as homes for the dead. In the Etruscan cemetery of La Banditaccia we can see that the cemetery is designed like a town. The tombs were carved out of the ground or bedrock and there were streets tunneling between them. Some of the tombs have

Etruscan burial chamber.

corbel vault roofs that

were then covered in dirt and stone.

As you can see from these indoor pictures some of the tombs resemble the inside of houses. They were painted and decorated and fully funished. There were pots, jugs, robes, axes and other objects hanging off pillars. Most of the objects were simulated in stucco to resemble a needed item. The items were rendered in low relief and then painted.

The coffins or sarcophagi were often made of terra-cotta. This one shows a husband and wife reclining comfortable and

Etruscan Sarcophagus

enjoying each others company. This is not a sad or somber picture of the dead, but a lively rendering showing significant details. The walls of the tombs were covered with brightly colored paintings of feasting, dancing, and musical performances. Unlike Greek tomb paintings the woman are pictured as active participants in this community life.

In ancient times the skill of the Etruscans with bronze was widely acknowledged. Unfortunately most of the pieces were melted down by the Romans to be used for coins. One of the most famous works which did survive is this She-wolf nursing the twins, Romulus and Remus. Here we have a work retelling part of the story of the founding of Rome. Although there are several versions of the legend I’ll just give a brief recounting here. Two brothers, fugitives from Troy, came to what is now Italy. One was given the kingship, the other control over the treasury. As often happens in these stories the brother in charge of the treasury seized the throne.

Romulus and Remus, Bronze

His greatest fear was that his niece would conceive a child who would be able to claim a right to the throne so he made her a Vestal Virgin. She, however, soon gave birth to twins. Some stories say the boys were the sons of Mars, other that her uncle was the father of her children. Either way, all were condemned to death. The boys were placed in a basket and set in the Tiber river to die of exposure. Instead they were watched over by the goddess of the river. They were found by a she-wolf who cared for the boys as if they were her own cubs.

As adults the boys take revenge upon their uncle…but then fight over who shall be the king. Through a series of events to long to detail here Romulus wins out and we have the birth of Rome.

The Acropolis

Acropolis

The Acropolis has had a long and varied history. Sitting atop a high point above the city of Athens it was originally a walled fortress. It provided a safe place to retreat to during times of war. At least that was the hope. It also became a religious center where temples were built to honor the goddess Athena who is Athens patron goddess.

During the wars with Persia the Greeks had retreated into the walls hoping to outlast the Persians but due to Plague and famine were eventually defeated. The Persian troops destroyed the Acropolis in 480 BC. Athenians vowed to keep the Acropolis in ruins as a memorial to all who had suffered and died there.

Later, Pericles, convinced them to rebuild it to it’s former magnificence. The hope was that by honoring Athenian and providing her with a ‘home’ she would stay close by and protect Athens from her enemies. Pericles also recognized that restoring the site would raise the status of Athens above the other city-states as it would demonstrate her power, wealth, and importance. Pheidias, a renowned sculptor, was put in charge of the rebuilding and employed an army of the most talented artists in Athens.

Map of the Acropolis

There were many religious buildings on the hilltop along with multitudes of statues. The majority of the temples were dedicated to Athena, each highlighting a different aspect of her divinity. Although visitors could see into the temples to the statues of the goddess they did not actually enter the temple. The temple was considered the ‘home’ of the goddess and people wandering in and out would invade her privacy making her less likely to stay in the city. Priest and priestesses entered the temple and various people during the many celebrations and commemorations that were observed.

One of the most famous celebrations was performed by the women of the city of Athens. Every four years they would process through the streets and up to the Acropolis proceeding to one of the smaller statues of Athena. This statue was ancient to these Athenians and was a holy relic. The women would weave a new peplos to drape over the statue and present it to her every four years.

Erechtheion

One of the most famous areas on the acropolis is the Erechtheion This is a unique temple in that it housed multiple shrines, was asymmetrical, and was built on several levels to accommodate the hillside. According to Greek mythology Poseidon and Athena engaged in a contest to see who would gain patronage over Athens. Poseidon struck a rock with his trident bringing forth a spring of salt water, but Athena gave the Olive tree and won the contest. The Erechtheion is supposedly built on the site of this contest and one of the shrines within it encloses the sacred spring that Poseidon created. Another shrine is dedicated to a legendary king of Athens, Erechiheus. During his lifetime the goddess Demeter instructed the Athenians in the agricultural arts. And it was within this building that the venerable wooden cult statue of Athena was kept.

Architecturally the most famous part of this temple is the Porch of the Maidens. On this porch the columns have been carved as maidens. You will notice that the artist created elaborate hairstyles that fell down the necks of the maidens allowing him to strengthen that weakest part of the statues so that they could hold up under the weight of the building.

Parthenon

The Parthenon is the most imposing structure on the Acropolis and is often a symbol of ancient Greece, representing the height of their culture. It’s form is still an icon for democratic values and independent thought and has been copied throughout the western world.

The Parthenon is dedicated to Athena and is an excellent example of the Doric order. The sculptural decorations around the Parthenon follow the same political and ideological themes: the triumph of  Greece over Persia, the preeminence of Athens over the other

recreated interior of the Parthenon

city-states, and the triumph of enlightenment over despotism and barbarism.

Around the pediment there were sculptures set on deep shelves and held in place with metal pins. The west pediment told the story of the contest between Athena and Poseidon. The east pediment shows the birth of Athena, fully grown and clad in armor, from the brow of her father, Zeus.

In the center Cella of the temple is the statue of Athena, standing 40 feet high and made of gold and ivory. The Doric frieze on the exterior of the building was decorated with 92 metopes. There were fourteen on each end, and 32 along each side. All of these reliefs depicted legendary battles.

Frieze from the Parthenon

On the inside of the temple there was an Ionic frieze that extend for 525 feet and told the story of the festival that took place every 4 years as the women of the city presented Athena with a new peplos.

When visualizing the Parthenon and other Greek statues and temples it is important to remember that much of the building and sculptures would have been brightly painted leaving an entirely different impression.

Over the centuries the Parthenon has been used for many different things., among them a Christian church, an Islamic mosque (at which time a spinneret was added), and a Turkish munitions storage facility. It was in this last usage that the Parthenon became a ruin. Having survived in tact into the 1600 there was a war going on between the Turks and the Venetians. The Venetians were shooting cannonballs onto the Acropolis and happened to hit the munitions being stored in the Parthenon…turning the Parthenon into a ruin overnight.

Greek Architecture Part 1

More info. for my Art Classes. This will probably take several posts to get through the Architecture…

Early Greek temples were made of mud and bricks with wood roofs. They had a simple rectangular structure with a sheltered porch area. We have had to piece together their structure and look by ruins, descriptions, and small ceramic models. This model of a temple was found in the Sanctuary of Hera. Notice the geometric design on the steeply pitched roof. The main room was called a cella or naos. There would have been a statue of the god or goddess in this area that the temple was dedicated to. There was a small reception area that preceded the main hall that functioned as the temples vestibule.

Greek temples grew in both size and complexity. Stone and marble began to replace the mud, bricks, and wood. Of course using stone and marble created problems with weight and the designs of temples had to be worked out carefully so that the columns and walls could support the roof and the decorative architectural elements that began to be added on.

A number of standardized plans began to develop. Builders experimented with the elevations of temples..or the proportions and appearance of columns and entablatures. During the archaic period two distinct designs developed, the Ionic Order and the Doric Order. The Corinthian Order would come later and, at first, be used largely in interior areas.

The Temple of Hera (The wife of Zeus) is one of the earliest standing temples. It was built in about 550 BC. (Actually there are two Temples of Hera, built right next to one another about 100 years apart…they are generally referred to as Hera I and Hera II.)

Hera I is a large, rectangular temple with a post-and-lintel structure. There is a stepped foundation that supports a peristyle. A peristyle is a row of columns that surround the cella (main area) on all four sides. The single peristyle plan is also called a peripteral temple. See figures E through G. Both Hera I and the Parthenon are examples of a peripteral temple.

Hera is also a Doric Temple, meaning it used the Doric Order, or set of proportions in it’s construction. Working with stone and marble presents several difficulties because of the weight of the stones. The Greeks found that columns of a certain diameter and height could support the rest of the structure. In general, the Doric order has shorter, fatter columns than the other orders and is the oldest of the Orders. The columns sat directly on the floor of the temple and had a very plain capital. Each successive order would elaborate on these basics, adding more decoration, more heights, and thinning the columns.

Let’s take a look at each of the parts of the temple so that we can compare the orders and look at some examples.

The columns is generally what we think of as being distinctive of each Order. The columns are an upright support hat extends from a base at the bottom to a capital at the top — much like the feet, body, and head of the human figure. The central part is known as the shaft. The shaft is not one huge solid piece, but several drum shaped pieces that are stacked onto a metal pole. This provides flexible support, allowing these works of art to survive time and earthquakes. The capital was often a stylized representation of natural forms, such as animal horns or plant leaves.

You can see the basic parts of a column below. A Doric Column did not have a pedestal, but sat directly on the floor of the temple, or the stylobate. Greek temples generally had stepped foundation and the top level, which was also the floor of the temple was the stylobate. The entire stepped foundation was called the stereobate.

The columns support a horizontal element…hence the post-and-lintel construction. This element is called the entablature and is divided up into three different parts: the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice.
At each end there was a triangular gable called the pediment.

In Hera I you can see the classic components of a Doric Temple. The fluted shafts of the columns that rest without any bases on the stylobate and the very plain capitals made up of necking transition to a cushionlike echinus and then a square abacus on the top.

There is a three part entablature that has a plain flat band that is the architrave, it is topped by a decorative band called a frieze. In the Doric order the frieze has flat areas called metopes that alternate with projecting blocks that have three vertical lines on them called triglyphs. This part of the entablature were usually painted, or carved and then painted in bright colors.

The Doric column is only about four times as high as the diameter of the column. This design creates a feeling of stability and permanence. The columns are wider the middle than at the tops or bottoms. Hera I has an uneven number of columns and there is a central row of columns that supported the roof, and divided the main cella in two. This suggests that there were two deities worshiped here, possible Hera and her mate Zeus…or Hera and Poseidon, patron god of the city.

Here is some additional info and a summary from Greek Architecture for Dummies.

Doric: Heavy simplicity

The oldest, simplest, and most massive of the three Greek orders is the Doric, which was applied to temples beginning in the 7th century B.C. As shown in Figure 2, columns are placed close together and are often without bases. Their shafts are sculpted with concave curves called flutes. The capitals are plain with a rounded section at the bottom, known as the echinus, and a square at the top, called the abacus. The entablature has a distinctive frieze decorated with vertical channels, or triglyphs. In between the triglyphs are spaces, called metopes, which were commonly sculpted with figures and ornamentation. The frieze is separated from the architrave by a narrow band called the regula. Together, these elements formed a rectangular structure surrounded by a double row of columns that conveyed a bold unity. The Doric order reached its pinnacle of perfection in the Parthenon.